Hakar Kudi na Dijital don Saurin Bukatu a Tsarin Wutar Lantarki: Nazarin Tsarin Lantarki na Texas

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Bangaren wutar lantarki yana fuskantar kalubale biyu na tallafawa ƙara amfani da wutar lantarki yayin rage sawun carbon. Cibiyoyin bayanai na hakar kudi na dijital sun ga gagarumin girma a cikin amfani da makamashi a duniya, tare da ƙarfin hakar Bitcoin ya kusan ninka sau biyu tsakanin 2019 da 2021. Wadannan wurare za su iya samar da muhimman ayyuka na matakin tsarin lantarki ta hanyar saurin bukatu idan an daidaita su yadda ya kamata.

2. Hanyar Bincike

2.1 Samfurin Tsarin Lantarki na Ƙirƙira

Binciken yana amfani da samfurin tsarin lantarki na ERCOT na 2000-bus, wanda ke wakiltar tsarin wutar lantarki na Texas. Wannan samfurin ya haɗa da bayanan buƙatu na ainihi tare da ƙara kayan aikin hakar kudi na dijital a wurare masu mahimmanci don nazarin tasirinsu akan ayyukan tsarin lantarki.

2.2 Ƙirar Kayan Aikin Hakar Kudi na Dijital

Ana ƙirar wuraren hakar kudi na dijital a matsayin kayan aiki masu sassauci tare da babban katsewa. Ba kamar cibiyoyin bayanai na gargajiya ba, ayyukan hakar ba su da ƙaramin lokacin da ake buƙata, yana ba da damar jujjuyawar kaya da ragewa a lokutan buƙatu mai yawa.

2.3 Shirye-shiryen Amsar Bukatu

Binciken ya bincika shirye-shiryen amsar buƙatu daban-daban da ake samu don cibiyoyin bayanai, ciki har da:

• Sabis na Amsa Gaggawa (ERS)
• Shiga Kasuwar Sabis na Taimako
• Shirye-shiryen Amsa Farashin Lokaci na Ainihi
• Shirye-shiryen Kasuwar Ƙarfi

3. Tsarin Fasaha

3.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Za a iya tsara samfurin ingantawa don shigar wuraren hakar cikin amsar buƙatu kamar haka:

$\max \sum_{t=1}^{T} [R_t^{mining} + R_t^{DR} - C_t^{electricity}]$

inda $R_t^{mining}$ ke wakiltar kudin shiga na hakar a lokacin $t$, $R_t^{DR}$ yana nufin diyya na amsar buƙatu, kuma $C_t^{electricity}$ farashin wutar lantarki ne.

3.2 Samfurin Ingantawa

Ana bayyana ƙuntatawa na sassauƙan kaya kamar haka:

$P_t^{min} \leq P_t^{mining} \leq P_t^{max}$

$\sum_{t=1}^{T} P_t^{mining} \cdot \Delta t \geq E_{daily}^{min}$

inda $P_t^{mining}$ shine amfani da wutar lantarki na hakar, wanda ke da iyaka mafi ƙanƙanta da mafi girma, yayin da ake tabbatar da cewa an cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun makamashi na yau da kullun $E_{daily}^{min}$.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Nazarin Tasirin Farashi

Sakamakon farko ya nuna cewa kayan aikin hakar kudi na dijital suna tasiri sosai akan farashin wutar lantarki a kasuwar ERCOT. Tasirin ya bambanta da wuri da girman kaya, tare da wasu yankuna suna fuskantar hauhawar farashi har zuwa 15% a lokutan kololuwa. Saɓanin farashi ya zama mafi bayyana tare da manyan tarin hakar.

4.2 Ƙididdigar Ribar

Nazarin riba na shekara-shekara ya nuna wuraren hakar na iya samun ƙarin kudin shiga 20-35% ta hanyar shiga amsar buƙatu. Mafi shirye-shiryen riba sun haɗa da sabis na taimako da amsa farashin lokaci na ainihi, tare da rage lokacin dawowar kuɗi da watanni 18-24.

5. Misalin Aiwa

A ƙasa akwai sauƙaƙan lambar Python don ingantaccen tsarin amsar buƙatu na wurin hakar:

class MiningDemandResponse:
    def __init__(self, mining_power, electricity_prices, dr_prices):
        self.mining_power = mining_power
        self.electricity_prices = electricity_prices
        self.dr_prices = dr_prices
    
    def optimize_schedule(self, horizon=24):
        """Inganta jadawalin hakar da shiga DR"""
        model = ConcreteModel()
        
        # Maɓallan yanke shawara
        model.mining_active = Var(range(horizon), within=Binary)
        model.dr_participation = Var(range(horizon), within=Binary)
        
        # Manufa: ƙara riba
        def profit_rule(model):
            return sum(
                model.mining_active[t] * self.mining_power * 
                (mining_revenue - self.electricity_prices[t]) +
                model.dr_participation[t] * self.dr_prices[t] * dr_capacity
                for t in range(horizon)
            )
        model.profit = Objective(rule=profit_rule, sense=maximize)
        
        # Ƙuntatawa
        def mining_constraint(model, t):
            return model.mining_active[t] + model.dr_participation[t] <= 1
        
        return solve_model(model)

6. Ayyukan Gaba

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:

• Haɗawa tare da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa don hakar carbon-neutral
• Algorithms na koyon inji don ingantaccen amsar buƙatu na lokaci na ainihi
• Tabbatar da aikin amsar buƙatu na tushen Blockchain
• Haɗin tsarin makamashi da yawa ciki har da dawo da zafi
• Daidaituwar ka'idojin amsar buƙatu don wuraren hakar

7. Bincike na Asali

Wannan bincike ya gabatar da wani muhimmin hujja don hakar kudi na dijital a matsayin albarkatun sassauƙa na tsarin lantarki, yana ginu akan irin wannan ra'ayoyin amsar buƙatu da aka bincika a wasu aikace-aikacen kwamfuta masu amfani da makamashi. Hanyar binciken ta yi daidai da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi haɗin kayan aiki masu sassauƙa, mai kama da aikin DeepMind na Google akan ingantaccen makamashi na cibiyar bayanai (DeepMind, 2018). Tsarin lissafi yana nuna fahimta mai zurfi na tattalin arzikin makamashi, musamman a cikin ingantaccen ƙuntatawa wanda ke daidaita kudin shiga na hakar da damammakin amsar buƙatu.

Idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta amsar buƙatu na masana'antu na gargajiya, wuraren hakar kudi na dijital suna ba da fa'idodi na musamman. Aikin lissafin su ba shi da ƙaramin lokacin da ake buƙata, ba kamar hanyoyin masana'antu tare da tsararrun jadawalin samarwa ba. Wannan siffa tana ba da damar ƙarin rage kaya a lokutan gaggawar tsarin lantarki. Sakamakon binciken ya dace da aikin Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya akan dijital da makamashi (IEA, 2022), wanda ke nuna yadda fasahar dijital za ta iya ƙara buƙatar wutar lantarki da kuma samar da mafita don sarrafa tsarin lantarki.

Nazarin tsarin lantarki na Texas na ƙirƙira yana ba da mahimman bayanai, kodayake aiwatar da ainihin duniya zai buƙaci magance kalubale da yawa. Tasirin farashin da aka lura a cikin simintin gwargwado yana nuna yuwuwar damar kasuwa idan wuraren hakar suka taru a wasu yankuna. Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken daga Cibiyar Cambridge don Binciken Kuɗin Madadin akan yanayin hakar Bitcoin (CCAF, 2022). Aikin gaba zai iya amfana daga haɗa hanyoyin ingantawa masu kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin nazarin haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa, la'akari da rashin tabbas a cikin farashin kudi na dijital da yanayin kasuwar wutar lantarki.

Gudunmawar fasaha ta ta'allaka ne akan ƙididdigar kwararar kima biyu don ayyukan hakar - duka daga ladan kudi na dijital da sabis na tsarin lantarki. Wannan ƙirƙirar tsarin kasuwanci na iya haɓaka karɓar makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar samar da sassauƙan buƙatu wanda ya dace da tsararrun samarwa. Duk da haka, la'akari da muhalli ya kasance mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da haɗuwar Ethereum's canzawa zuwa hujjar riƙo, yana rage amfani da makamashi da kusan 99.95% (Gidauniyar Ethereum, 2022). Binciken zai ƙara ƙarfi ta hanyar haɗa nazarin hayaƙi da kwatanta tasirin muhalli na dabarun shiga hakar daban-daban.

8. Bayanan Kara

1. A. Menati, K. Lee, L. Xie, "Ƙira da Nazarin Amfani da Hakar Kudi na Dijital don Saurin Bukatu a Tsarin Wutar Lantarki," Jami'ar Texas A&M, 2023.
2. Cibiyar Cambridge don Binciken Kuɗin Madadin, "Fihirisar Amfani da Wutar Lantarki na Cambridge Bitcoin," 2022.
3. Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, "Dijital da Makamashi," 2022.
4. DeepMind, "AI don Sanyaya Cibiyar Bayanai ta Google," 2018.
5. Gidauniyar Ethereum, "Haɗuwa," 2022.
6. FERC, "Diyya na Amsar Bukatu a cikin Kasuwannin Makamashi na Duka," 2021.
7. P. L. Joskow, "Gudanar da Bangaren Bukatu da Ingantaccen Makamashi," MIT CEEPR, 2021.
8. ERCOT, "Rahoton 2022 na Tsarin Lantarki," 2022.