BM-PAW: Harin Hakowa Mai Ribar Caji a Tsarin Blockchain na PoW

Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki

• 1 Gabatarwa
• 2 Bayanan Baya
  • 2.1 Hujjar Aiki da Hakowa
  • 2.2 Hare-haren Hakowa da Suka Wanzu
• 3 Dabarun Harin BM-PAW
  • 3.1 Tsarin Cin Hanci
  • 3.2 Tsarin Lissafi
• 4 Binciken Ma'auni
• 5 Sakamakon Gwaji
• 6 Hanyoyin Kariya
• 7 Bincike na Asali
• 8 Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha
• 9 Aiwar Code
• 10 Aikace-aikacen Gaba
• 11 Nassoshi

1 Gabatarwa

Bitcoin, wanda Satoshi Nakamoto ya gabatar a shekara ta 2008, ya kawo sauyi ga kuɗin dijital ta hanyar fasahar blockchain maras tsakalar. Ba kamar kuɗaɗen gargajiya ba, Bitcoin ya dogara ne akan hanyoyin yarjejeniya na Hujjar Aiki (PoW) inda masu hakowa ke warware wasu matsalolin sirri don tabbatar da ma'amaloli da samun lada. Duk da haka, tsaron tsarin PoW yana fuskantar ƙalubale daga hare-haren hakowa daban-daban waɗanda ke amfani da karkata daga aikin hakowa na gaskiya.

2 Bayanan Baya

2.1 Hujjar Aiki da Hakowa

A cikin tsarin blockchain na PoW, masu hakowa suna gasa don warware wasu matsalolin sirri. Mai hakowa na farko da ya warware matsalar zai samar da sabon toshe kuma zai sami lada (a halin yanzu Bitcoins 3.125 kamar na Nuwamba 2024). Tafkunan hakowa sun fito don haɗa ƙarfin lissafi, suna ba da kudin shiga mafi kwanciyar hali ga mahalarta ta hanyar raba lada.

2.2 Hare-haren Hakowa da Suka Wanzu

Binciken da ya gabata ya gano wasu hare-haren hakowa masu riba:

• Hakin Kai: Masu hakowa suna ɓoye tubalan da aka gano don samun fa'ida
• Rike Toshi (BWH): Maharan suna gabatar da shaidar da ba ta cika ba don lalata ingancin tafkin
• Raba Bayan Rikewa (FAW): Yana haɗa riƙewa tare da raba cikin dabarun
• Daidaituwar Ƙarfin Rikewa (PAW): Yana daidaita rabon ƙarfin hakowa cikin sauri

3 Dabarun Harin BM-PAW

3.1 Tsarin Cin Hanci

BM-PAW ya gabatar da sabuwar hanyar da maharan ke ba da kuɗin cin hanci (BM) ga masu hakowa a cikin tafkunan da aka yi niyya. Wannan ƙarfafawar kuɗi tana ƙarfafa bin umarnin mai kai hari, yana haifar da dabarun kai hari na haɗin gwiwa wanda ya fi dabarun gargajiya.

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya ƙirƙira harin BM-PAW ta amfani da ka'idar wasa. Bari $\alpha$ ya wakilci ƙarfin hakowa na mai kai hari, $\beta$ ƙarfin hakowa na tafkin da aka yi niyya, da $BM$ adadin cin hanci. Ana iya bayyana aikin ribar mai kai hari kamar haka:

$P_{attack} = R \cdot \frac{\alpha + \gamma \cdot \beta}{\alpha + \beta + \gamma \cdot \beta} - BM$

inda $R$ shine ladan toshe kuma $\gamma$ shine adadin bin ka'ida na masu hakowa da aka ba da cin hanci.

4 Binciken Ma'auni

A cikin yanayin wasan BM-PAW na tafki biyu, mun gano cewa mai kai hari zai iya kaucewa "matsalar mai hakowa" ta hanyar cin hanci cikin dabara. Ma'aunin Nash ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin hakowa na mai kai hari $\alpha$ da mafi kyawun adadin cin hanci $BM^*$ wanda ke haɓaka riba yayin tabbatar da bin ka'idar tafkin da aka yi niyya.

5 Sakamakon Gwaji

Simulations ɗinmu sun nuna cewa BM-PAW yana ci gaba da fi PAW a ko'ina cikin yanayin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Lokacin da mai kai hari ya mallaki kashi 30% na jimlar ƙarfin hakowa kuma ya ba da mafi kyawun cin hanci, BM-PAW ya sami riba mai kashi 15-25% fiye da PAW a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya.

6 Hanyoyin Kariya

Muna ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin kariya masu amfani don rage hare-haren BM-PAW:

• Ƙara sa ido kan tafki don ba da daidaitaccen rarraba lada
• Tsare-tsaren sadaukarwa na sirri don hana riƙe cikin dabara
• Manufofin zama tafki masu sauri don gano hare-haren haɗin gwiwa
• Tsarin suna don bin diddigin halayen mai hakowa

7 Bincike na Asali

Maganar Gaskiya: BM-PAW yana wakiltar hauhawar asali a cikin tattalin arzikin harin blockchain—ba kawai game da amfani da fasaha ba ne, amma game da ƙirƙirar ƙarfafawar kuɗi wanda ke lalata tsarin ƙarfafawa wanda ke sa Hujjar Aiki ta yi aiki.

Sarkar Hankali: Harin yana bin cikakkiyar hanyar tattalin arziki: hare-haren gargajiya kamar hakin kai ko PAW sun dogara kawai akan sarrafa ƙarfin hakowa na fasaha. BM-PAW ya gabatar da matakin cin hanci wanda ke haifar da yanayin matsalar fursuna—masu hakowa da kansu suna da hankali na tattalin arziki don karɓar cin hanci ko da yana cutar da tsarin gama gari. Wannan yayi kama da matsalar bala'in gama gari da aka gani a wasu tsare-tsare marasa tsakalar, kama da yadda hare-haren lamuni na walƙiya a cikin DeFi ke amfani da ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki maimakon raunin fasaha.

Abubuwan Haske da Ragewa: Girman BM-PAW yana cikin fahimtarsa cewa tsaron blockchain ba sirri bane kawai—wasan ka'idar wasa ne. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa za a iya amfani da hankalin tattalin arzikin masu hakowa a matsayin makami. Duk da haka, babban raunin takardar shine ƙayyadaddun binciken ƙalubalen aiwatarwa na ainihin duniya. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken Gidauniyar Ethereum akan ƙimar hako ma'adinai (MEV), yawancin ingantattun hare-hare suna fuskantar matsalolin turawa na ainihi ciki har da farashin haɗin kai na mai hakowa da haɗarin ganowa. Zato cewa za a iya aiwatar da cin hanci yadda ya kamata a sikeli ya cancanci ƙarin bincike.

Wayar da Kan Aiki: Ga masu haɓaka blockchain, wannan binciken yana nuna alamar buƙatar gaggawa don matsawa fiye da tsaro na sirri kawai. Dole ne ayyukan su haɗa da sassan tsaro na tattalin arziki kuma su ɗauka cewa masu aiki na tattalin arziki za su yi amfani da duk wani karkatawa mai riba. Hanyoyin kariya da aka ba da shawarar fari ne, amma kamar yadda Vitalik Buterin ya yi jayayya game da taswirar hanyar Ethereum, hanyoyin magance na dogon lokaci na iya buƙatar canje-canjen yarjejeniya na asali waɗanda ke sa irin waɗannan hare-haren su zama marasa amfani ta hanyar tattalin arziki ta hanyoyi kamar hujjar hannun jari ko ƙirar yarjejeniya mafi zurfi.

Idan aka kwatanta da hare-haren gargajiya da aka rubuta a cikin takardar farin Bitcoin da bincike na gaba kamar takardar hakin kai na Eyal, BM-PAW yana wakiltar balagagge na ƙwararrun kai hari—daga amfani da fasaha zuwa sarrafa tattalin arziki. Wannan juyin halitta yayi daidai da abin da muka gani a cikin tsaron sirri na gargajiya, inda hare-hare suka ci gaba daga raunin fasaha zuwa injiniyan zamantakewa kuma yanzu zuwa sarrafa tattalin arziki.

8 Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha

Harin BM-PAW ya dogara ne akan ƙirar lissafi mai zurfi. Lissafin mafi kyawun cin hanci yana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa:

$BM^* = \arg\max_{BM} \left[ R \cdot \frac{\alpha + \gamma(BM) \cdot \beta}{\alpha + \beta + \gamma(BM) \cdot \beta} - BM \right]$

inda $\gamma(BM)$ yana wakiltar adadin bin ka'ida a matsayin aikin adadin cin hanci, yawanci ana ƙirƙira shi azaman aikin sigmoid.

9 Aiwar Code

Duk da yake takardar ba ta ba da takamaiman code ba, ana iya fassara algorithm ɗin BM-PAW kamar haka:

Algorithm na BM-PAW:
1. Lissafa rarraba ƙarfin hakowa na yanzu
2. Gano tafkunan da za a iya kaiwa hari
3. Lissafa mafi kyawun adadin cin hanci BM*
4. Idan BM* < ƙaruwar riba da ake tsammani:
5.    Fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na cin hanci
6.    Daidaita rabon ƙarfin hakowa
7.    Sa ido kan bin ka'ida da daidaita dabarun
8. In ba haka ba: Ci gaba da PAW na gargajiya

10 Aikace-aikacen Gaba

Tunanin BM-PAW yana da tasiri fiye da hakowa na cryptocurrency:

• Tsaron DeFi: Irin wannan hare-haren cin hanci na iya kaiwa hari musayar musayar kuɗi ko ka'idojin ba da lamuni
• Juyin Halitta na Yarjejeniya: Yana nuna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun hanyoyin yarjejeniya a cikin blockchain na gaba
• La'akari da Ka'idoji: Na iya yin tasiri kan yadda dokokin tsaro suka shafi tsarin ƙarfafawa na blockchain
• Tsaron Tsakanin Sarke: Za a iya daidaita hanyar don kai hari ga ka'idojin gada tsakanin sarkoki daban-daban

11 Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
2. Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Rinjaye Bai Isa Ba: Hakowa na Bitcoin Yana da Rauni
3. Luu, L., et al. (2015). Yarjejeniyar Tsaro Don Buɗe Blockchains
4. Buterin, V. (2021). Dalilin Hujjar Hannun Jari
5. Kididdigar Hash Rate na Bitcoin. Blockchain.com
6. Gidauniyar Ethereum. (2023). Binciken Ƙimar Hako Ma'adinai